A license is a permit issued by a licensor to a licensee for the industrial and/or commercial use of an invention for a specified period of time for a fee. License trade in the global market is carried out through the conclusion of license agreements.

The main types of license agreements:

A simple license – the licensor allows the licensee to use the invention under certain conditions, while reserving the right to use it independently and to issue similar licenses to other interested parties.
Exclusive license – the licensor has the right to use the invention itself and allows the licensee to use the invention exclusively.
Full license – the licensor transfers all rights to the licensee.

Types of license fees for granting license rights to use an invention:

• Royalties are periodic percentage payments.
• A lump sum payment is an amount clearly stated in the agreement that is paid as a lump sum (or in installments).
• Cross-licensing is the exchange of licenses or patents that are intended to be equivalent.
• An upfront fee is a payment that reimburses the licensor’s costs before the license agreement is executed.
• Transfer of securities and granting of the right to participate in profits.

Objects of international licensing:

• developments of a constructive, technological nature,
• composition of materials, substances or alloys,
• methods of treatment,
• methods of prospecting and mining,
• trademarks and industrial marks.

International licensing is characterized by such a concept as patent purity, which is a legal property of an object that means that it can be used in a given country without violating the exclusive rights in force in its territory (patents owned by third parties).

In practice, license agreements are valid for 3 to 10 years, and longer for licenses that require significant capital expenditures.

International engineering

International engineering is a form of international scientific and technical cooperation, which is a set of intellectual activities whose ultimate goal is to obtain the best results from foreign investments or other costs associated with the implementation of projects of various engineering and consulting types.

In other words, international engineering is the provision of engineering and consulting services.

Types of engineering services:

• Pre-project services – research related to the study of the market for goods that the facility to be built will produce; topographic surveys; development of the transport network.
• Design services – project preparation, project cost estimation, project expertise, working drawings, supervision of work.
• Post-project services – preparation of a construction contract, construction, installation of equipment, consultations on equipment operation.

International inter-university scientific relations. The activities of the UIPI

Traditionally, the main scientific research in Europe is carried out more in research institutes, while in the United States, traditional science is created in universities, and applied science is created in research laboratories at large companies.

Specialization in science at the global level contributes to its significant progress. The exchange of scientific knowledge takes place in various ways: through scientific literature, the work of leading scientists in different countries, the creation of joint research institutions, and various symposia and conferences.

The system of exchange in the field of education is somewhat less developed, based on links between universities. The most common forms of international relations at the level of higher education are: exchange of experience and information, exchange of teachers, researchers and students, joint research activities, and internships for young professionals.

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The sectors in which technical cooperation is carried out are truly diverse, ranging from basic human needs such as health and medical care to computing and other sophisticated, advanced technological fields. Japan’s technologies and expertise in such diverse sectors are transferred to key members of society and others who take on the mantle of leadership (known as technical cooperation “equivalents”). These partners are then responsible for disseminating these skills widely among the population of the developing country, thus contributing to national development.

Technical cooperation is typically provided to countries for which direct aid or credit assistance is not an option due to relatively high per capita income levels, or to countries with high levels of accumulated debt that face credit assistance eligibility restrictions. It is an effective means of providing assistance to least developed countries (LDCs) and small island states, where large-scale aid programs are difficult to implement.

In addition, since technical cooperation is a form of assistance that maintains personal contact and human communication at its core, it plays an important role in building mutual understanding at the level of individual citizens in both countries.

Forms of technical cooperation

Technical cooperation in the sense described above includes a wide range of activities, from hosting foreign students in Japan to publishing and exporting technical documentation and other materials in local languages. The organizations implementing technical cooperation programs are also extremely diverse; some initiatives are sponsored by government agencies, some by private companies operating in developing countries, and others by religious institutions as part of their missionary activities.

The technical cooperation programs implemented by the Japanese government range from project-type technical cooperation schemes consisting of three elements – hosting interns in Japan, sending Japanese experts to recipient countries, and providing equipment and materials – to development surveys and sending volunteers from the Japan Overseas Volunteer Organization (JOCV). The government agency responsible for implementing these technical cooperation programs is the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA has also recently expanded its activities into the field of international disaster relief, sending international disaster relief teams when natural disasters occur abroad.

Other technical cooperation initiatives implemented with government funds include the hosting of students from developing countries at government expense, as well as surveys and research projects conducted by various government agencies and public bodies in developing countries.

Private sector technical cooperation programs include those funded independently by private sector aid agencies, companies, or corporate groups, as well as those implemented by non-profit corporations with the help of government subsidies or through contractual arrangements with government agencies.

Another form of technical cooperation also deserves a special mention: technical internship programs implemented by local governments with subsidies provided by the national government. These programs are particularly important because they focus on technical cooperation at the broader national level. Students from developing countries are sent to different parts of Japan, where they have the opportunity not only to receive technical training but also to have direct contact with the Japanese. This deepening of mutual understanding through people-to-people contact will lead to the ultimate goal of international cooperation.

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Structure of the ISTC:

• Creation of coordinating international programs, joint scientific and technical research.
• International licensing, exchange of scientific and technical documents, patents, licenses.
• International engineering.
• Cooperation in training scientific, engineering and technical personnel.
• Holding international scientific and technical conferences and symposia.
• Creation and functioning of international research institutes and organizations.
• Development of scientific and technical forecasts.
• Priority directions of the ISTC development:
• Electronization and automation of production processes.
• Reliable peaceful use of nuclear energy.
• Expanding the practical use of biotechnology and genetic engineering (cloning).
• Space research.

Intellectual property and the global technology market

Intellectual property can be defined as relations between people arising from the appropriation, possession, use and disposal of intellectual property results.

The subject (object) of intellectual property is:

• new technologies,
• scientific discoveries
• inventions
• production and other experience,
• know-how,
• experimental or industrial samples of equipment,
• apparatus
• tools,
• technological lines,
• documentation,
• production methods.

Intellectual property is the possession of an exclusive right that determines the exclusion and restriction of access, transfer, control and liability in relation to an intellectual property object.

The certificate of intellectual property is a patent, which is a document issued by a competent state authority for a certain period of time to an inventor or his successor, certifying authorship and exclusive right to an invention.

The problem with international patenting is that different countries have different rules for patenting. In the United States, the Patent Office must decide who is the first, true and original inventor, and the time of filing an application for an invention does not play any role, as is the practice in Europe (with the inventor himself remaining unknown).

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